Working Papers

The WNE Working Papers series has been published by the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw since 2008.

The WNE Working Papers series provides a fast, open channel for disseminating research conducted at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw. The papers hosted here are working versions (pre-prints) and may evolve as authors refine their analyses, incorporate feedback, or progress through formal peer-review. What you read is the current version released by the authors, timestamped and assigned DOI/ISSN identifiers to ensure precise citation and version tracking. Copyright remains with the authors, who may, at any time, upload a revised file or add a note directing readers to a later, peer-reviewed publication.

The Working Papers series accepts articles by research employees of the Faculty and publications from conferences organised at the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw. Articles should be original research papers which have not been previously published, on the subject of economics.

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Number of Results 10

WP(1/2019)286. Do female managers help to lower within-firm gender pay gaps? Public institutions vs. private enterprises

Authors: Magda Iga, Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa
We analyze the link between the presence of female managers and the size of the firm-level gender pay gap, looking separately at the private and public sector. Using a large linked employer-employee dataset for Poland and a non-parametric and paramet…

WP286. Do female managers help to lower within-firm gender pay gaps? Public institutions vs. private enterprises

We analyze the link between the presence of female managers and the size of the firm-level gender pay gap, looking separately at the private and public sector. Using a large linked employer-employee dataset for Poland and a non-parametric and parametric decompositions, we find that higher presence of female managers is associated with more pay advantage towards women in selected types of public sector units: the ones in which remunerations of women and men are already equal, and a large share of the workforce is tertiary-educated. The effects are, however, relatively small in size. In private establishments, lower gender wage inequality is associated with higher shares of female workers, but not female managers.


Magda Iga, Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa
gender wage gap wage inequalities public sector female managers Ñopo decomposition Oaxaca- Blinder decomposition

WP(25/2017)254. The Impact of Parenthood on the Gender Wage Gap – a Comparative Analysis of 26 European Countries

Authors: Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to assess how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the gender wage gap, and how institutional elements - especially family policies - affect this relationship. Our analysis…

WP254. The Impact of Parenthood on the Gender Wage Gap – a Comparative Analysis of 26 European Countries

We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to assess how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the gender wage gap, and how institutional elements - especially family policies - affect this relationship. Our analysis is based on a decomposition that reveals what portion of the gender wage gap may be attributed to: (1) the motherhood wage penalty, (2) the fatherhood wage premium, and (3) the gender wage gap among childless individuals. Our findings suggest that the variability in the magnitude of the gaps is closely related to the institutional context, pointing to different reasons behind the gender wage gap and policy implications. Southern EU countries have low gender wage gaps and low motherhood penalties or even premiums. Short leaves, low childcare coverage, and traditional norms do not support maternal labor supply, but mothers who work do not face a wage penalty. Western EU countries with higher childcare coverage, moderate length leaves, supportive norms, and flexible jobs have relatively high maternal employment and mothers are not faced with significant wage penalties. The highest motherhood penalties are found in CEE countries, where long leaves, low childcare availability under age 3, and preferences for within-family care lead to long absences from the labor market. In all countries, irrespective of cultural norms and policies, we find high positive family gaps among men, which drive men's average wages up, and lead to gender wage inequality.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.26405/WP/WNE/2017/254/25
Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
Family Gap Gender Wage Gap Family Policies

WP(40/2015)188. Regional differences in gender wage gaps in Poland

Authors: Majchrowska Aleksandra, Strawiński Paweł
The paper aims to estimate the adjusted gender wage gaps in Poland and in each of the 16 NUTS2 Polish regions using the new harmonised dataset of wages of individuals in 2010. The results show that the total gender wage gap in Poland, estimated with …

WP188. Regional differences in gender wage gaps in Poland

The paper aims to estimate the adjusted gender wage gaps in Poland and in each of the 16 NUTS2 Polish regions using the new harmonised dataset of wages of individuals in 2010. The results show that the total gender wage gap in Poland, estimated with new dataset, amounts to 15.7% and indicate that the previous estimates based on the Polish Labour Force Survey data are upward biased and the estimates based on the Structure of Wages and Salaries data are downward biased. Moreover, the authors show that part of the differences in wages between men and women in Poland is due to differences in the employment structure. Gender wage gap corrected for the segregation bias decreases to 14.3%. There is significant variation among regions – estimates of corrected gender wage gap vary from 24% in Opolskie to 1% in Swietokrzyskie region. The differences in gender wage gap across regions are mainly due to different employment structure by ownership sector and occupational groups.


Majchrowska Aleksandra, Strawiński Paweł
gender wage gap Poland regional labour markets

WP(29/2015)177. Differences in the Estimates of Gender Wage Gap Over The Life Cycle

Authors: Tyrowicz Joanna, van der Velde Lucas Augusto, van Staveren Irene
Given theoretical premises, there is some ground to expect the gender wage gap adjusted for individual characteristics to be age specific. We rely on a long panel of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the 1984-2008 period. We employ t…

WP177. Differences in the Estimates of Gender Wage Gap Over The Life Cycle

Given theoretical premises, there is some ground to expect the gender wage gap adjusted for individual characteristics to be age specific. We rely on a long panel of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the 1984-2008 period. We employ the DiNardo et al. (1996) technique to disentangle cohort and age effects. Our results indicate that the gender wage gap increases over the lifetime, but decreases with time. This finding runs contrary to the hypothesis that it is during the reproductive age that women's wages relative to men's wages suffer most. We suggest explanations for this pattern.


Tyrowicz Joanna, van der Velde Lucas Augusto, van Staveren Irene
gender wage gap age decomposition non-parametric estimates

WP(31/2014)148. Why are women paid less than men? An investigation into gender wage gap in Poland

Authors: Majchrowska Aleksandra, Strawiński Paweł, Konopczak Karolina, Skierska Agnieszka
Despite decades of anti-discriminatory legislation, wage discrimination against women is believed to be a major source of social inequality in the developed economies. In the present study we investigate the issue of gender wage gap in Poland. The an…

WP148. Why are women paid less than men? An investigation into gender wage gap in Poland

Despite decades of anti-discriminatory legislation, wage discrimination against women is believed to be a major source of social inequality in the developed economies. In the present study we investigate the issue of gender wage gap in Poland. The analysis is carried out both with regard to the labour market as a whole and in different occupational groups. We control for potential occupational segregation by including only groups with nearly balanced males-to-females ratio (0.4-0.6). The raw wage data suggest that in the case of most occupations women in Poland earn less than men. What is more, when controlling for individual and job characteristics relevant from the perspective of the labour market, the gender pay gap increases. Lower wages received by females cannot be, therefore, justified by lower productivity potential. On the contrary, despite better qualifications than in the case of men, women earn on average less, which points to the existence of gender discrimination in the Polish labour market.


Majchrowska Aleksandra, Strawiński Paweł, Konopczak Karolina, Skierska Agnieszka
wage inequality Mincer wage equation Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition gender wage gap Poland

WP(21/2014)138. Language and (the Estimates of) the Gender Wage Gap

Authors: Siwińska-Gorzelak Joanna, Goraus-Tańska Karolina, Tyrowicz Joanna, van der Velde Lucas Augusto
 In this paper we link the estimates of the gender wage gap with the gender sensitivity of the language spoken in a given country. We find that nations with more gender neutral languages tend to be characterized by lower estimates of GWG. The re…

WP138. Language and (the Estimates of) the Gender Wage Gap

 In this paper we link the estimates of the gender wage gap with the gender sensitivity of the language spoken in a given country. We find that nations with more gender neutral languages tend to be characterized by lower estimates of GWG. The results are robust to a number of sensitivity checks.


Siwińska-Gorzelak Joanna, Goraus-Tańska Karolina, Tyrowicz Joanna, van der Velde Lucas Augusto
gender wage gap language neutrality meta-analysis

WP(16/2014)133. Are children driving the gender wage gap? Comparative evidence from Poland and Hungary

Authors: Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
The paper examines how much children and responsibilities related with them contribute towards the divergence of men?s and women?s wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender specifi…

WP133. Are children driving the gender wage gap? Comparative evidence from Poland and Hungary

The paper examines how much children and responsibilities related with them contribute towards the divergence of men?s and women?s wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender specific wage inequalities caused by the parenthood to the overall gender wage gap, we provide a modification of standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. Contrary to our expectations, the findings show that most of the gender wage inequality is due to the positive wage gap between men who do and do not have children and not due to the wage penalty incurred by mothers.


Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
Gender Wage Gap Family Gap Motherhood Penalty Wage Gap Decomposition

WP(28/2013)113. What is the true gender wage gap? A comparative analysis using data from Poland

Authors: van der Velde Lucas Augusto, Tyrowicz Joanna, Goraus-Tańska Karolina
Given the proliferation of methods to estimate gender wage gap, practical issues arise. The aim of this paper is to compare estimates of the adjusted wage gap from different methods and sets of conditioning variables. We apply available parametric an…

WP113. What is the true gender wage gap? A comparative analysis using data from Poland

Given the proliferation of methods to estimate gender wage gap, practical issues arise. The aim of this paper is to compare estimates of the adjusted wage gap from different methods and sets of conditioning variables. We apply available parametric and non-parametric methods to LFS data from Poland for 2012. While the raw gap amounts to nearly 10% of the female wage, after the correction for the endowments, the adjusted wage gap estimates range between 15% and as much as 25% depending on the method and the choice of conditional variables. The differences across methods and conditioning variables do not exceed 3pp. The largest differences emerged between methods estimating gap at the mean and those operating at quantiles. Within the same moment, methods which account for selection into employment yielded higher estimates of the adjusted wage gap. When expanding the conditioning set, to account for possible sorting of women into lower paid jobs, estimates of gap increase. While the actual point estimators of adjusted wage gap are slightly different, all of them are roughly twice as high as the raw gap, which corroborates the policy relevance of this methodological study.


van der Velde Lucas Augusto, Tyrowicz Joanna, Goraus-Tańska Karolina
gender wage gap transition Poland decomposition methods

WP(27/2013)112. Age-productivity patterns in talent occupations for men and women: a decomposition

Authors: Liberda Zofia Barbara, Tyrowicz Joanna, Smyk Magdalena
One could expect that in the so-called talent occupations, while access to these professions may differ between men and women, gender wage gap should be actually smaller due to high relevance of human capital quality. Wage regressions typically sugge…

WP112. Age-productivity patterns in talent occupations for men and women: a decomposition

One could expect that in the so-called talent occupations, while access to these professions may differ between men and women, gender wage gap should be actually smaller due to high relevance of human capital quality. Wage regressions typically suggest an inverted U-shaped age-productivity pattern. However, such analyses confuse age, cohort and year effects. Deaton (1997) decomposition allows to disentangle these effects. We apply this method to inquire the age-productivity pattern for the so-called "talent" occupations. Using data from a transition economy (Poland) we find that indeed talent occupations have a steeper age-productivity pattern. However, gender differences are larger for talent occupations than for general occupations.


Liberda Zofia Barbara, Tyrowicz Joanna, Smyk Magdalena
age-productivity pattern gender wage gap transition

WP(19/2013)104. The Goodwill Effect? Female Access to the Labor Market Over Transition: A Multicountry Analysis

Authors: Goraus-Tańska Karolina, Tyrowicz Joanna
This study evaluates quantitatively the context of gender discrimination in transition countries in terms of access to the labor market. Over economic transition female labor market participation has generally weakened. Notwithstanding, transition co…

WP104. The Goodwill Effect? Female Access to the Labor Market Over Transition: A Multicountry Analysis

This study evaluates quantitatively the context of gender discrimination in transition countries in terms of access to the labor market. Over economic transition female labor market participation has generally weakened. Notwithstanding, transition countries differ in institutional design, structural labor supply patterns, labor demand characteristics and the speed of transition processes. We propose to evaluate the contribution of these effects to the observed extent of gender discrimination. Using estimators of gender discrimination obtained from a panel of micro-datasets covering a possibly large set of transition countries, we seek determinants cross-country variation in gender discrimination in the labor market. Empirical evidence suggest that while countries with generally higher female labor force participation are characterized by less discrimination, ceteris paribus, this pattern does not hold for the transition countries.


Goraus-Tańska Karolina, Tyrowicz Joanna
gender wage gap transition non-parametric estimates
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