Working Papers

The WNE Working Papers series has been published by the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw since 2008.

The WNE Working Papers series provides a fast, open channel for disseminating research conducted at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw. The papers hosted here are working versions (pre-prints) and may evolve as authors refine their analyses, incorporate feedback, or progress through formal peer-review. What you read is the current version released by the authors, timestamped and assigned DOI/ISSN identifiers to ensure precise citation and version tracking. Copyright remains with the authors, who may, at any time, upload a revised file or add a note directing readers to a later, peer-reviewed publication.

The Working Papers series accepts articles by research employees of the Faculty and publications from conferences organised at the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw. Articles should be original research papers which have not been previously published, on the subject of economics.

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Number of Results 3

WP(25/2017)254. The Impact of Parenthood on the Gender Wage Gap – a Comparative Analysis of 26 European Countries

Authors: Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to assess how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the gender wage gap, and how institutional elements - especially family policies - affect this relationship. Our analysis…

WP254. The Impact of Parenthood on the Gender Wage Gap – a Comparative Analysis of 26 European Countries

We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to assess how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the gender wage gap, and how institutional elements - especially family policies - affect this relationship. Our analysis is based on a decomposition that reveals what portion of the gender wage gap may be attributed to: (1) the motherhood wage penalty, (2) the fatherhood wage premium, and (3) the gender wage gap among childless individuals. Our findings suggest that the variability in the magnitude of the gaps is closely related to the institutional context, pointing to different reasons behind the gender wage gap and policy implications. Southern EU countries have low gender wage gaps and low motherhood penalties or even premiums. Short leaves, low childcare coverage, and traditional norms do not support maternal labor supply, but mothers who work do not face a wage penalty. Western EU countries with higher childcare coverage, moderate length leaves, supportive norms, and flexible jobs have relatively high maternal employment and mothers are not faced with significant wage penalties. The highest motherhood penalties are found in CEE countries, where long leaves, low childcare availability under age 3, and preferences for within-family care lead to long absences from the labor market. In all countries, irrespective of cultural norms and policies, we find high positive family gaps among men, which drive men's average wages up, and lead to gender wage inequality.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.26405/WP/WNE/2017/254/25
Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
Family Gap Gender Wage Gap Family Policies

WP(32/2015)180. She Cares and He Earns? The Family Gaps in Poland

Authors: Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa
This paper deals with parenthood induced inequalities in the labour market outcomes of men and women in Poland. It extends the existing framework of research by providing a joint analysis of parenthood impact on working hours and wages for men and wo…

WP180. She Cares and He Earns? The Family Gaps in Poland

This paper deals with parenthood induced inequalities in the labour market outcomes of men and women in Poland. It extends the existing framework of research by providing a joint analysis of parenthood impact on working hours and wages for men and women for a transition economy. Using propensity score matching and fixed effects estimation this paper reveals that parenthood is associated with longer working hours and greater wages for men and shorter working hours and lower wages for women. The gaps in working hours may be however partially attributed to unobserved differences between parents and childless individuals. For men, unobserved heterogeneity also explains their greater wages. Mothers are however found to receive significantly lower wages even if their unobserved characteristics and self-selection into employment are accounted.


Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa
family gap wage inequality fatherhood premium motherhood penalty specialization

WP(16/2014)133. Are children driving the gender wage gap? Comparative evidence from Poland and Hungary

Authors: Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
The paper examines how much children and responsibilities related with them contribute towards the divergence of men?s and women?s wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender specifi…

WP133. Are children driving the gender wage gap? Comparative evidence from Poland and Hungary

The paper examines how much children and responsibilities related with them contribute towards the divergence of men?s and women?s wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender specific wage inequalities caused by the parenthood to the overall gender wage gap, we provide a modification of standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. Contrary to our expectations, the findings show that most of the gender wage inequality is due to the positive wage gap between men who do and do not have children and not due to the wage penalty incurred by mothers.


Cukrowska-Torzewska Ewa, Lovasz Anna
Gender Wage Gap Family Gap Motherhood Penalty Wage Gap Decomposition
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